May 2013:  The main reason for going to Canada was to attend Eric’s wedding, and that was held at Lake Muskoka, north-west of Toronto where he lives.  Apart from visiting Toronto, Eric had booked me to fly to Calgary in Alberta – at the western edge of the plains and the eastern edge of the Canadian Rockies – and to travel the Rocky Mountaineer train from Banff to Vancouver before flying home again.

May 2023:  To save Server space, ten years down the track, I have now replaced all the photos on this page with one large image.  Click the small image (right) to enlarge, [X] to close.

Wednesday May 1:  My trip started at 3am, loading the Noddy Car with my luggage, driving to Graham’s place and then down to Brisbane for my 5am check-in.  Graham would park my car at his Shorncliffe house while I was away.  Fiona had sent me a painting for Eric that I took with me as an extra luggage item, marked Fragile, of course!  A Qantas flight to Sydney, then a transfer to the International Airport followed, and the flight to Vancouver lifted off on schedule at 10am.  The flight takes about 15-16 hours, but Vancouver is 17 hours behind AEST and we had favourable winds, so I landed in Vancouver at 8am Wednesday morning – 2 hours before I took off from Sydney!  Fiona’s Fragile package came into play then... they are handled separately.  So I was sent up to a different floor to collect that manually ( my main bag was tagged for Toronto anyway ), there to be told that I should proceed immediately to my connecting flight to Toronto, so I never actually went through Customs at all.  Not quite sure why, but I then flew to Toronto, which is 3 hours ahead of Vancouver, so landed there in the late afternoon despite the flight being only 4 hours.

[Images: Little Beach House, Eric with David & Trine, Fiona’s painting arrives, Street-car in Toronto.]
I broke my bag-handle at the airport – it just pulled right out!  Eric and Terry met me there and we went to their house in Little Beach, Toronto, where I met David & Katrina Peers, who had flown in from Sydney several days earlier and were heavily involved in the wedding planning.  David was to be Best Man, and Trine was organizing the reception.  The last time I met them was when I was in Liverpool Hospital with broken fingers, toes, shoulder and covered in technicolor bruises, after my somewhat truncated trip to Tassie with the bike club a few years back – they observed that, despite the jet-lag and tiredness ( after 21 hours in the air plus 6 hours airport waiting ), I was in much better shape now than then!  After I had handed over the various gifts that I had brought with me, including that awkward-sized painting, Eric dropped me off at a small hotel near his house for the first 2 nights.  Toronto still has Street-cars ( trams ), I noticed, so their tracks would make bike-riding awkward, and Eric commented that they also cause peak-hour traffic backups and delays because they stop in the middle of the road... traffic can’t pass while they are stopped.

Thursday May 2:  [Images: Spyder dreams, Dinner crowd.]
Spring had sprung in Toronto with a vengeance!  Only the week before the whole city had been knee-deep in snow, but torrential rain had turned it all to slush and caused widespread flooding, then the sun came out just before I arrived.  The first green buds and shoots were showing on trees that had been no more than bare, woody skeletons just a day or so before.  There had been talk of visiting Niagara Falls that day but the weather was still not great down there and Eric & Terry had some last-minute shopping to do, plus I wanted to buy a replacement bag, so we went to Plan B. This included taking me to the local BRP Dealer to see the new ST model Spyder, because that would be a quick visit, and I could buy a new suitcase while Eric & Terry did their own shopping.  That all went off very well, and we got back to Little Beach in the late afternoon.  A dinner had been arranged at a downtown Italian Restaurant that night, so I went with other guests to that, but had an unfortunate dental break before the meal, so could not eat.  What timing!  Oh, well, it’s soup for me for a few days until I have the time to get that fixed.  Back to the hotel for a welcome night’s sleep.

Friday May 3:  Back to Little Beach because Eric had hired 2 minivans with seats for 6 and luggage storage at the back.  We needed every last seat, and the luggage was shoehorned into place!  Guests had started to arrive from Australia and the UK, plus Virginia ( Best Woman ) also needed transport.  After complex luggage arrangements we got underway to Lake Muskoka.  There is a separate page about the actual wedding weekend here, covering Saturday May 4 & Sunday May 5.

Monday May 6:  Because Eric & Terry were flying out for their honeymoon trip to Mexico at roughly the same time as I would be flying out to Calgary in Alberta, they had arranged to collect me from the hotel on the way, but I slept in!  I had set the alarm but failed to arm it, so it just didn’t go off.  Eric had the desk call me on the phone, so I was out of bed and packed in record time – then it was out to the airport where I was able to farewell ‘Ez & Tez’ ( as they were referred to during the wedding reception ), then board my own flight to Calgary.  At the airport, I caught a shuttle bus to Banff but was the only passenger – weird!  On the outskirts of Calgary the driver invited me to sit up front beside him so he would not have to use the PA system for his usual running commentary on sights of interest.  It’s about a 3-hour drive from Calgary to Banff, which is well inside the Banff National Park.  At the entrance to the Park, in the Bow River Valley ( after the local Indians used to find good wood for making bows there ) there is a town called Canmore, and that is about 20 minutes by shuttle-bus from Banff.  This proved to be important the next day.  Eric had looked up dentists in Banff so I called the one-and-only as soon as I had checked into the Banff Caribou Lodge, to be told that only simple toothache-style work could be handled in Banff itself, but I was referred to a specialist in Canmore.  They were able to make an appointment for me for the following morning.

Tuesday May 7:  [Images: Canmore, just inside the National Park, Outside Caribou Lodge, Banff, Banff backdrop!]
Caught the shuttle-bus to Canmore, noting that they demand exact change ( $6 each way ) but also provide a payment machine that accepts notes as well as coins...  I saw several passengers get on and shove a $10 note into the machine then ask the driver why they didn’t get any change – it doesn’t make change.  The machine bing-bongs when it receives ENOUGH money, but the fare is basically whatever you shove into the machine, so long as it’s at least $6!  ( I’d like to believe that what is left over goes toward the NEXT passenger’s fare, but I think that I’m being a bit optimistic. )  Anyway, I made a mental note to be sure that I had $6 in coins before heading back to Banff!  I found the dentist, who was very helpful and fixed me up efficiently – now I will be able to eat normally again.  However the shuttle bus service pauses during the middle of the day so I walked around Canmore for a few hours before catching the bus back to Banff in the afternoon.  I found out that Banff had been developed under a strict government leasehold arrangement – nobody owns land in Banff; it’s all leased from the government, who simply doesn’t grant leasehold unless the land is needed for direct tourist business-related purposes.  The scheme is to ensure that Banff remains the tourist center for the Rockies, and does not start to sprawl.  It has to stay pristine and tidy, easy for tourists to use.  The only residential buildings are for senior management of important local businesses.  All other staff commute from Canmore every day, so Banff is all Hotels, Resorts, restaurants, souvenir shops, entertainment, etc...  and absolutely nothing else.  Canmore benefits, too – they provide all the service- and residential-based facilities, but all out of sight of tourists wandering around sparkling Banff.

Wednesday May 8: [Images: Gondola Terminus, Top of Sulphur Mountain, Banff from Sulphur Mountain, Tunnel Mtn. (Sleeping Buffalo) with Hotel]
Up early and a bit shocked at the price of breakfast, so decided to walk into Banff and buy something simple there.  I was there early enough to observe the positive army of workers brushing, polishing, cleaning and trimming their way through the town to make it perfect for the new day.  Mostly casual labour – packpackers and the like by the look of them – and there are times when council workers and vehicles outnumber the tourists there!  But by 10am, when all the shops open, it’s always perfect and spotless.  I found a coffee-shop that could make a 4-oz. ‘Americano’ – in other words, a long black of sensible size and strength – and bought some snack food.  Then, after wandering around Banff a bit, I caught a bus to Sulphur Mountain and went up on the Gondola.  A spectacular ride, and the views from the mountain-top are great.  Quite a bit of walking involved, but worth it.  Most people know of the Banff Springs Hotel – that famous Chateau-styled hotel sitting at the foot of Tunnel Mountain, which doesn’t have a tunnel through it.  A tunnel was planned in the early 1900s, but the railway builders found a way around instead, although the official name stuck...  yet locals prefer to call it ‘Sleeping Buffalo’ because that’s what it looks like from the east.  Another misnomer, because they don’t have buffalo in North America – they’re all bison.  Anyway, from the top of Sulphur Mountain I could look down on the Banff Springs Hotel instead of looking up at it like all the postcard views.  By the time I was down to Banff again I had been busy for a long day, so it was back to the Caribou for dinner.

Thursday May 9: [Images: Lake Louise, frozen! Picnic lunch view]
Another early start, 8am bus collection from the lodge for the Columbia Icefields Excursion – a full-day trip.  Out along the Trans-Canada Highway, then turn north onto the Columbia Parkway, which is the road that goes all the way up to Jasper in the Arctic Zone.  The road is closed during winter and had only recently been opened, so there were road-gangs out in force.  First stop was the famous Lake Louise, but it was still completely frozen, so the perfect photos are lacking, I’m afraid.  Next stop was a roadside picnic area to eat the very pleasant packed lunch provided, with a great view over a wide alpine valley.  I learned quite a bit about geology and glaciation on this tour!

Geology:  The Canadian Rockies are just part of the Y-shaped spine of North America, and were created by a collision of the Pacific Tectonic Plate with the American Tectonic Plate along the entire roughly north-south length of the continent.  Water running off the spine runs north to the Arctic Sea in the crook of the Y; east to the Atlantic on the right of the Y; and west to the Pacific on the left of the Y.  When two Plates collide, one half is subducted ( pushed down and converted to lava deep underground ) while the other half is pushed up to form a mountain range.  Usually ( but not always! ) it is the denser, heavier material that is subducted, so along the entire fault-line there are tongues of mountainous terrain that have been pushed up either from the east or from the west, because for most of the distance, the collision was land against land.  It’s like a giant dovetail joint.

[Images: Glacial moraine with vertical sedimentary layers, Erosion scree, Diagonal sedimentary layers]
But in Canada the initial collision was between land and the open Pacific Ocean.  In this case it was easiest for the soft ocean floor to be pushed up, so the American Plate was subducted and the ocean floor became the Canadian arm of the Rockies.  They are entirely composed of sedimentary rock.  This was, of course, originally just sand, mud and the remains of dead critters – making sandstone, shale, slate and limestone once exposed to the air.  Because it was so pliable when first raised out of the water, the sedimentary layers did not get shoved up in solid blocks like you see in sedimentary deposits elsewhere.  It got twisted and distorted so that the sedimentary layers are now at all angles and many became vertical instead of horizontal as they slowly dried out and became rock.  This makes them more susceptible to erosion, which is why you see piles of rock scree at the base of most slopes, caused by rain, snow-melt and ice fracturing.  The Canadian Rockies are eroding more rapidly than the US Rockies, where the types of rock include harder igneous ( volcanic-based ) rock, or the mountain ranges on the western side of Canada which were solid land to start with... the Pacific Ocean was just a narrow strip on the edge of the Pacific Plate when it crunched into the American Plate.  Over on that western side of Canada you get igneous rock, but all the eastern edge of the mountain spine ( the actual Rockies ) are sedimentary rock because they were all once ocean floor.

Glaciation: [Images: Plateau Glacier, Columbia Glacier 'tongue', Monster buggy, Fancy changing a flat tyre?]
All glaciers are formed of compressed snow, not ice.  If snow is compressed enough it becomes a type of ice, but with absolutely no air trapped in it like normal water-ice – a chunk of glacial ice takes days to melt!  Another characteristic is that it must be able to move.  The Columbia, however, is a Plateau Glacier.  It sits on a flat plateau so does not move, but continues to grow with more snow being deposited on top each year, adding to the constant compression.  So ‘tongues’ of glacier slowly spill over the edge of the plateau and these, of course, can then slide down.  The Icefields tour transfers to a 6-wheel monster buggy with huge tyres, and they take bus-loads of tourists up onto one of these tongues of slowly-moving glacier, where you can walk around in the slush created by hundreds of other people walking on the surface.  The actual glacial ice is meters below where you walk.  Whoopee!

Glaciation also explains the distinctive brilliant colour of glacier-fed lakes.  As the glacier grinds its way, it forms ‘rock-flour’ – an extremely fine sediment that gets washed into lakes during the Spring melt run-off, where it tends to hang in suspension for months in the cold, still water.  So in the Spring it causes light-waves to refract and makes the water look very blue.  As the rock-flour builds up during early Summer, the colour changes to a deep aqua, and towards Autumn, when the sediment is slowly settling, it goes back to blue, and finally the water looks clear just before Winter arrives and freezing starts again.

After the glacier excursion the tour headed back to Banff – we stopped off at Lake Louise Village for refreshments – and I noticed that every kilometer or so on the Trans-Canada Highway there are either under- or over-passes for wildlife.  They are designed with high walls on the overpasses and screen fences on the underpasses, so that motorists can’t see the animals and cause accidents by rubber-necking, and the animals can’t see the traffic and get spooked.  A very impressive system – we could do with that here in Australia!

Friday May 10:  More walking around Banff, looking at the maintenance army, then the tourist army, checking out all the souvenir shops and coffee-shops, the museum, etc.  It is very noticeable that the names Rundle, Brewster and Peyto seem to appear in every second business, building or service.  These were three prominent explorer-pioneers who led wealthy adventurers and hunters around the Banff area in the late 1800s, and all three became founders of the early town and seemed to have pretty much invented the concept of the Rockies as a desirable tourist destination.  About the time that the Canadian Pacific was building their first Trans-Canada line ( a prerequisite for British Columbia to join the Canadian Dominion instead of becoming a US State ) and the Banff hot springs had been discovered, the government could see that Banff would become the ‘Gateway to the Rockies’, and was a good potential tourism investment.  They decided to act, and part of this was the policy forbidding private land ownership, although the existing pioneer families must have had some dispensation in that regard, because their names certainly live on in the area.

Saturday May 11:  Basically a spare day for me, so I just wandered around, re-sorted my luggage.  Tomorrow is the start of the Rocky Mountaineer train trip!

[Images: Train arrives in Banff, Serious rail engineering problems! Wild country]
Sunday May 12:  Bus pickup at 7am with a strange system for baggage.  I traveled by train, but my luggage went by truck so that it would be waiting for me in my hotel room when I arrived, first at Kamloops, then finally at Vancouver.  The trip takes two days in order to travel only by daylight for maximum scenery impact, and the first day from Banff to Kamloops was the most spectacular.  The first surprise was the complete lack of clickety-clack, jockety-rock...  the train simply glides along noiselessly.  When the CPR was first built they had many serious accidents on the ‘Big Hill’, just west of Lake Louise – runaway trains and deadly derailments, with much loss of life, because the slopes were really far too steep for a train.  In some steep parts passengers were required to get off and walk – it was too dangerous to stay aboard!  But Swiss engineers had recently built some mountainside gradient spirals that allowed them to flatten steep gradients down to a safe 2.2% instead of the 4.5% used on the original CPR line through the actual Rockies, so they were asked to design a similar spiral system for the CPR.  The result, in the early 1900s, was two separate tunnels, the eastern one including a double-spiral, and the western one a single-spiral to reduce the overall gradient to a safe level.  Although built over a century ago, this underground spiral system still allows trains to safely ascend/descend the Big Hill.

The next major hurdle was Rogers Pass.  The original line went through the Pass, but it was prone to deep snowdrifts, often over 6 meters – twice as high as a train.  A tunnel was the answer there, too.  An 8km tunnel was dug by hand through McDonald Mountain, bypassing Rogers Pass altogether.  There is now also a newer 16km tunnel running parallel to that, but only freight trains use it.  Passenger trains avoid it because of the possibility of noxious gas buildup from the continuous train traffic.  There were plenty of opportunities to see the unique geology of the Rockies at first-hand and, once through them, following the Thompson River Gorge through several other mountain ranges, all of them also running north-south, but with different geology.  The whole eastern half of British Columbia has waves of mountain ranges – it’s wild country.

[Images: Front of train along Thompson River, Rear of train, Carriage staff]